The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
type: channel
description: The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (EPSTEM) is a reviewed scholarly online international journal. The manuscripts which are accepted for publication in the EPSTEM are invited from the conferences. The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (EPSTEM) welcomes any research papers on technology, engineering and basic sciences using techniques from and applications in any technical knowledge domain: original theoretical works, literature reviews, research reports, and review articles. The articles should be original, unpublished, and not in consideration for publication elsewhere at the time of submission to the EPSTEM. The full paper versions of the conference papers are published in the EPSTEM. The EPSTEM is published in July, August, September, October, November and December. The full paper versions of the conference papers are published in the EPSTEM. The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (EPSTEM) is indexed or abstracted in Scopus, Google Scholar, Scientific Indexing Services, Directory of Research Journals Indexing, ASOS index.
publisher: ISRES Publishing - International Society for Research in Education and Science (ISRES)
language: en
publication name: The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
issn: 2602-3199
items: Electro-Fenton Oxidation for Degradation of Direct Red Organic Pollutants Using Stainless Steel and Iron Electrodes
items: Advanced Multiple Sclerosis Data Analysis Using Intensity-Guided Skull Removal and Level Set Method for Enhanced Accuracy
items: The Mechanical and Physical Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced with Standard Steel Fiber and Recycled Fiber from Tires
items: Laboratory Evaluation of Sustainable Asphalt Mix Using Bottom Ash and Styrene Butadiene Styrene
items: Numerical Investigation of Thermal - Hydraulic Performance of a Solar Air Heater Duct with Transverse W-Shaped Rib Turbulators
items: Impact of Duct Position on Behavior of High-Strength Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab
items: Mechanical and Volumetric Changes of Sustainable Lightweight Fibrous Concrete with Fine Recycled Aggregate and Silica Fume
items: Bond Performance of Concrete-To-HPC Interface for Different Surface Profiles Using Slant and Bi-Surface Shear Test
items: Structural Behavior of Self-Compacting Reinforced Concrete One-Way Slab with Recycled Glass or Plastic as A Fine Aggregate Under Repeated Loads
items: Cracking Resistance and Fracture Behavior of Modified Asphalt Mixtures
items: Improving the Efficiency of the Biological Treatment of Hospitals' Wastewater by Using MBBR with K1 and K3 Biofilm Carriers
items: Laboratory Study on the Combined Effect of Novolac and SBS Polymers on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt
items: Experimental and Numerical Studies on Passive Cooling Techniques with Perforated Fins for Photovoltaic Modules
items: Prosthetic Finger Design for Partial Hand Amputees: A Five-Bar Linkage Approach
items: Experimental Determination of the Influence of Perforation of Adherend to the Adhesive Bond Strength
items: Behaviour of Fibre-Reinforced Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Recycled Brick Aggregate and Silica Fume
items: High-Strength Lightweight Silica Fume Concrete with Fine Recycled Aggregate and Steel Fiber
items: Evaluation of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of a Reinforced Thermosetting Polymer with Glass Fiber and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
items: A Real-Time Fall Detection Framework Using Vision Transformer and LSTM for Elderly People
items: PhisNet: Intelligent Detection of Phishing
items: Bit Error Rate Analysis of Adaptive Modulation Techniques in Power Line Communication Channels
items: Valorization of Dredged Sediments from Cameron Highlands Reservoirs: Characterization and Pollution Risk Assessment for Sustainable Construction Materials Recovery
items: Reactive Powder Concrete Reinforced with Manufactured Fibers or Recycled from Waste Tire
items: Screening of Hydrophilic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Ultrasound Probe-assisted Extraction of Rosmarinic Acid from Salvia officinalis with High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis
items: Influence of Steel Plate on Enhancing the Punching Strength of Voided Slabs
items: Application of Kaplan-Meier Estimator Model for Validation of AURKC as an Early Biomarker for Kidney Cancer
items: Numerical Analysis of Perforation Steel Plates Impacted by Blunt, Conical, Hemispherical, and Spherical Projectiles
items: Safety-Oriented Design and Analysis of Dielectric Materials and Plate Geometry in Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer Systems
items: Runoff Modeling Using the GIS-Based Curve Number Method
items: Artificial Neural Network-Based Control of Vienna Rectifier for Power Factor Correction and Capacitor Voltage Balancing

Electro-Fenton Oxidation for Degradation of Direct Red Organic Pollutants Using Stainless Steel and Iron Electrodes
type: item
description: The most common pollutant in industrial wastewater is organic compounds. Traditional wastewater treatment systems do not remove effect of toxic and effect of dangerous pollutants from the wastewater. The newest and most powerful method for treating wastewater from organic pollutants is the electro-Venton method, and it is considered an environmentally friendly method. Response surface methodology (RSM) and Minitab-17 method were used to study the impact of operational parameters such as current (0.5-2 mA), electrolysis duration (10–30 min), and Hydrogen peroxide concentration (0.0003 –0.0015 M). The pH, agitation speed, and the sodium chloride solution were all adjusted to 250 rpm, 3 g, and 0.25 g, respectively. Pollutants and their intermediate reaction products were found to be promptly eliminated and mineralized. When the operating variables were tuned, more than 98% of organic material removal efficiency and 39.67 kWh/m3 energy consumption were attained.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electro-Fenton
  topic: keywords
subject: Dyes
  topic: keywords
subject: Wastewater
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydroxyl radicals
  topic: keywords
creator: Mustafa Jawad Nuhma
creator: Osama A. Mohsen
creator: Khalid M. Abed
creator: Kareem Fadhel Zageer
creator: Bilal A. Wasmi
creator: Ali A. Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 1124
ending page: 1134
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1376

Advanced Multiple Sclerosis Data Analysis Using Intensity-Guided Skull Removal and Level Set Method for Enhanced Accuracy
type: item
description: Edge detection and segmentation are an important medical image processing task based on many mathematical frameworks like level set method. It provides many advancements over conventional approaches, including the ability to handle complicated topological changes. Efficient differentiation of the lesions associated with multiple sclerosis from medical imaging is vital for the diagnosis and management of many clinical diseases. This study introduces a method to automatically segmenting lesions using an adaptive thresholding followed by a level-set method. The suggested approach tried to help solve the difficulties caused by intensity inhomogeneity, which typically occures in magnetic resonance images of multiple secleroses lesions. The experimental results showed that the proposed method is efficient, which shows good improvements in segmentation accuracy and outlining lesion boundaries. The integration of adaptive thresholding in the pre-processing stage helped in edge enhancement, resulting in more efficient edge detection in the second step. The sensitivity of the suggested method was 0.923. which means that this method is helpful for lesion detection. while, specificity is 0.936, which means this method is accurate in identifying non-lesion areas. The Dice Coefficient, which measures the overlap between the segmented lesions and the ground truth around 0.994, which is quite good. This study tried to enhance the dominion of medical image analysis by introducing a new method for the automatic segmentation of multiple sclerosis lesions from magnetic resonance images. This technique provided valuable support to clinicians in enhancing the precision of disease evaluation and treatment planning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Multiple sclerosis
  topic: keywords
subject: MRI
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptive thresholding
  topic: keywords
subject: Segmentation
  topic: keywords
subject: Image processing
  topic: keywords
creator: Khawla H. Rasheed
creator: Auns Q. H. Al-Neami
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 745
ending page: 753
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1345

The Mechanical and Physical Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced with Standard Steel Fiber and Recycled Fiber from Tires
type: item
description: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are a promising material in the field of civil engineering because they have unique properties of high stiffness and strength, light weight, and good thermal conductivity. In this research, two parameters were studied. First one, 0.01% and 0.03% of MWCNTs (Taking as a proportion of the weight of cement) were added to reactive powder concrete. The second parameter was steel reinforcements where standard synthetic steel fiber was added to specified mixes and recycled waste tire wire was added to other mixes), to look into how they affect the mechanical and physical properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC). Cement has been partially replaced by silica fume because it is a key ingredient in RPC. The findings indicated that adding 0.03% carbon nanotubes increased the splitting tensile strength (SS), compressive strength (CS) and flexural strength (FS) by 20.09%,4.85% and 24%, respectively, of the standard steel fiber-reinforced RPC. Using recycled waste tire gives results that are close to those of standard manufactured steel fibers. The adding of 0.03% of MWCNTs and the recycled waste tire wire (RSFT) were improved the mechanical properties of RPC.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Reactive powder concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Multi-walls carbon nanotubes
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanical and physical properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Recycled waste tire wire
  topic: keywords
creator: Safa Thamir Asmail
creator: Aqil M. Almusawi
creator: Muhaned A. Shallal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 1114
ending page: 1123
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1375

Laboratory Evaluation of Sustainable Asphalt Mix Using Bottom Ash and Styrene Butadiene Styrene
type: item
description: The increasing demand for sustainable road construction materials has prompted researchers to explore alternative methods for modifying bitumen to improve pavement performance while enhancing environmental sustainability. This research aims to evaluate the effect of using Bottom Ash (BA) as a bitumen modifier along with Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) to enhance the mechanical properties and durability of hot mix asphalt (HMA). The effect on Marshall Stability, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR), and rutting resistance was evaluated using a Wheel Tracking Test (WTT). The results showed that using 5% BA and 4% SBS improved the performance of the asphalt. The Marshall Stability value increased by 33.65% compared to the unmodified mixture, indicating a significant improvement in load resistance. While the unconditional value of the (ITS) test increase by 32.46% compared to the unmodified mixture, the conditional value (after water immersion) increased by 54.16% compared to the unmodified mixture, indicating an improvement in moisture resistance. The TSR test results confirmed that the modified mixture achieved a 16.39% increase compared to the unmodified mixture, indicating high resistance to moisture effects. In addition, the (WTT) results also showed a 53% reduction in wear depth compared to the unmodified mix, reflecting an improvement in the resistance to permanent deformations under repeated traffic loads.BA is recommended for use with SBS because it significantly improves the mechanical performance of the asphalt mix. It provides an economical and sustainable solution by using recycled industrial waste, reducing reliance on virgin raw materials, and enhancing the durability of asphalt pavement in the face of harsh environmental and traffic conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bottom ash
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanical performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Modified asphalt binder
  topic: keywords
subject: Styrene butadiene styrene (SBS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable asphalt
  topic: keywords
creator: Bahar Al-Uloom
creator: Ihsan Ali Obaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 1097
ending page: 1113
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1374

Numerical Investigation of Thermal - Hydraulic Performance of a Solar Air Heater Duct with Transverse W-Shaped Rib Turbulators
type: item
description: One of the effective methods that can be employed to enhance the performance of the solar thermal air heater is texturing of the absorber surface using the rib roughness. The alteration facilitates the heat transfer by the generation of turbulence and surface area increases. To analyze the thermal performance of an optimized surface roughness solar-powered air heater, the article provides a 2D numerical model of an air heater. A solar air heater (SAH) duct with W-shaped transverse ribs on an absorber plate made of two opposing right-triangular ribs are studied in this current work concerning the thermo-fluid behavior. Notable results are the Nusselt number (Nu), the friction factor (f ), the thermo-hydraulic performance parameter (THPP) and distributions of fluid properties. In the computational analysis, various roughness and flow conditions are investigated, i.e. the Reynolds number (Re =6,000-18,000), non-dimensional pitch (P/e =7.14-17.86) with non-dimensional height (e/D =0.042) remaining constant. The optimum value of THPP was achieved with the suggested rib arrangement at P/e=10.71 and Re=6000. The ribbed surface has significant improvements in thermal performance, where the values of Nu have improved by 228% of smooth ducts. However, this enhancement is coupled with increased hydraulic resistance especially in the region of P/e=7.14 and Re=18,000 where the friction factor rises to 4.18 times the amount of smooth ducts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: SAH
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal performance
  topic: keywords
subject: W-shaped ribs
  topic: keywords
subject: Collector plate
  topic: keywords
subject: Nu
  topic: keywords
creator: Kadhim Al-Chlaihawi
creator: Sarah Ahed Mohammed Al-Hasnawi
creator: Ahmed Kadhim Zarzoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 255
ending page: 271
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1303

Impact of Duct Position on Behavior of High-Strength Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab
type: item
description: Structural and architectural designers consider flat floors as preferable slab systems in medium-rise buildings. The ability of this slab system to incorporating ducts enhancing its functional efficiency. However, incorporated ducts impacting flow of the interior forces and reducing the slab stiffness, most notably when the ducts pass near columns. İn addition to brittle nature of high-strength concrete. Therefore, the shear resistance significantly reduced and the risk of brittle punching failure highly increased. Thus, the main goal was to evaluate the behavior of the punching shear for flat slabs composed of high-strength concrete that incorporates built-in ducts. For this purpose, six two-way slab specimens were fabricated with a duct, and one solid specimen served as a control specimen. Two main parameters were studied: the distance of the duct opening to the face of the column over horizontal distances of 0, 50, and 100 mm for two types of opening (30 × 100 mm) and (50 × 100 mm), and the duct height with two values of 30 and 50 mm. The outcomes indicate that shear behavior was negatively affected as the duct moved closer to the column face and as duct height increased. The ultimate load capacity decreased most at the column face, by up to 42.1%. Serviceability worsened in both parameters of the study, particularly as the duct was closer to the column face and the duct height increased. Additionally, duct deflection increased significantly, and specimens often failed to meet the service load requirements. The toughness generally declined with both closer proximity and greater duct height. The most severe reductions occurred at the 0 mm position, where toughness dropped by over 50% in both 30 mm and 50 mm duct height specimens. All slab specimens, including a solid control specimen, exhibited the exact failure mechanism, known as punching failure.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Eco-friendly construction
  topic: keywords
subject: High-strength concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Punching shear
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-compacting concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Two-way shear slab.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Hammed Al-Khazraji
creator: Haider Ali Al-Tameemi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 1082
ending page: 1096
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1371

Mechanical and Volumetric Changes of Sustainable Lightweight Fibrous Concrete with Fine Recycled Aggregate and Silica Fume
type: item
description: This study presents an experimental program aimed at producing durable and sustainable lightweight concrete using lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) as coarse aggregate, With the completely replacement of fine aggregate with recycled concrete aggregate. To enhance the quality of the cementitious matrix and its long-term behavior, 15% silica fume and 1% steel fiber were incorporated into the mixtures. Five mixtures were prepared with a water to cement ratio of 0.4: NFA-based mix and four modified mixes with the addition of silica fume, steel fibers or a combination of both. Mechanical properties and durability were evaluated through several tests including compression strength, tensile strength, dry density, water absorption, dry shrinkage and wet expansion which were evaluated at two curing ages of 28 and 90 days. The findings indicate that the use of RFA as a full replacement for NFA led to a noticeable reduction (about 15%) in strength at 28 days. The use of steel fibers improved the splitting tensile strength by up to 20% compared to the control mixture. The combined effect of blending SL and MSF demonstrated a substantial enhancement in the mechanical performance. The compressive and tensile strengths increased by approximately 13% and 33%, respectively, at 90 days. Using silica fume together with steel fiber effectively reduced the elevated water absorption typically observed in mixture containing RFA. In addition, the blend showed reduced volumetric change, with reductions of 26% in shrinkage and 41% in expansion. The results showed the effectiveness of the use of pozzolan materials and fibers in the development of SLWC using recycled aggregates while improving durability and strength.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lightweight concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Durability
  topic: keywords
subject: Recycled fine aggregate
  topic: keywords
subject: Shrinkage
  topic: keywords
subject: Expansion
  topic: keywords
creator: Marwa Kareem
creator: Mohammed S. Abo Dhaheer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 1068
ending page: 1081
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1370

Bond Performance of Concrete-To-HPC Interface for Different Surface Profiles Using Slant and Bi-Surface Shear Test
type: item
description: Concrete structures are usually used in all construction fields. However, it is exposed to cracking and corrosion over time, especially when exposed to harsh conditions. This requires continuous repairs to ensure the structure’s functionality, durability, and safety. High-Performance Concrete (HPC), is one of the best concretes which used for repairing. This study was conducted to assess the influence of different surfaces of normal concrete (NC) and the use of bonding agent on the adhesion strength of High-Performance Concrete (HPC). The trial work was based on a set of composite samples, where the substrate was made of (NC) and the cover layer was made of (HPC). A commercial bonding material (epoxy resin) was used to bond the NC with a smooth surface to the HPC layers of concrete. Three substrate surfaces were considered: a smooth surface, a smooth surface coated with epoxy, and a rough surface. The adhesion performance was evaluated through two tests: the slant bond test and the bi-surface test after 28 days of curing. DIC (digital technique correlation) was applied to notice the process of failure in specimens. The preliminary results showed that the bonding between the two types of concrete was very good. The best bonding strength was NC with the rough surface bonded by HPC, followed by the smooth surface-epoxy, and then the smooth surface by mean (5.83, 4.73, 3.92) respectively for the bi-surface test, and by mean (6.89, 5.68, 4.71) respectively for the slant bond test. However, further studies are needed to test more types of surfaces and different conditions
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bi-surface test
  topic: keywords
subject: Different surfaces
  topic: keywords
subject: Slant bond test
  topic: keywords
subject: Epoxy-resin
  topic: keywords
creator: Bushra Husssein Al-Aboudi
creator: Haider M. Al-Jelawy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 1054
ending page: 1067
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1369

Structural Behavior of Self-Compacting Reinforced Concrete One-Way Slab with Recycled Glass or Plastic as A Fine Aggregate Under Repeated Loads
type: item
description: This paper deals with an experimental study on the structural performance of one-way slabs made of self-consolidation concrete (SCC) with waste plastic and glass as partial substitutes for fine aggregate. A substitution ratio of 33% was employed, and six slab samples measuring 700 mm by 100 mm by 1700 mm, with uniform reinforcement, were categorized into two groups, each including three samples. The initial group underwent static loading, and the subsequent group was subjected to repeated loading. Subsequently, they underwent testing, and the effect of the research factors was examined. The results indicate that the structural behavior of slabs, containing waste as a fine aggregate, is comparable to that performance slab with regular fine aggregates under monotonic and repeated loading. During static loading, the maximum load exhibited a reduction of about 0-3.33% alongside a decline in stiffness. The findings of the specimens submitted to repeated load exhibited variety; the maximum load was reduced by 13.46% with recycled plastic, while the slab with recycled glass increased by 5.77%. All samples exposed to repeated load demonstrated a diminished in ultimate load, stiffness, and ductility. relative to those exposed to monotonic load; slabs using recycled plastic showed a 22.41% decrease in load failure.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Self-compacting concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Recycled glass
  topic: keywords
subject: Recycled plastic
  topic: keywords
subject: Repeated load.
  topic: keywords
creator: Emad Alhomedy
creator: Alaa Hassoon
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 1041
ending page: 1053
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1368

Cracking Resistance and Fracture Behavior of Modified Asphalt Mixtures
type: item
description: Cracking is a physical failure-finite in size—that occurs due to repeated loading by traffic, both traffic and environmental factors. In this study, the fracture and cracking resistance of glass fiber reinforced (SBS) polymer modified mixtures is analyzed. Four formulations were designed: Conventional Asphalt with and without GF (CA, CA-GF) and SBS modified asphalt with and without GF (SBS, SBS-GF). The performances under loading were evaluated on the basis of Marshall properties, ITS and SCB tests. Marshall stability of the modified SBS was 26% higher than that for those with GF, and the others were also improved by adding GF to CA mixture up to 22% and SBS mixture by 12.5%. The increase in ITS of SBS-modified asphalt reached to 93.4 % due to the addition of GF and up to about 23.5% using CA mixture and up to about 10% for SBS blend. The combination of SBS+GF showed the higher cracking tolerance (CT index = 239.755), this means that, both modified by SBS and reinforced by GF increased in CT Index with 71.7% and 18.8%, and when combined between CA/SBS's mixtures also represented an increase in CT index equal to 37%. indicating that ductility and fracture resistance were improved. The SCB test has also displayed improvement in Gf with (164.4%) when SBS modified asphalt, and densification by (22.5%) for CA and (30.1%) for SBS have been approximately achieved due to the fibrer glass additions. F Unsurprisingly, these findings indicate that incorporating SBS and GF together could effectively enhance asphalt pavement during service as well as its crack resistance, particularly at high stress and variable temperatures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Modified asphalt (SBS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Glass fibers (GF)
  topic: keywords
subject: CT index
  topic: keywords
subject: Semi-circular bending test (SCB)
  topic: keywords
subject: fracture energy.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sameer Abbas Jasim
creator: Hasan Al-Mosawe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 1026
ending page: 1040
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1367

Improving the Efficiency of the Biological Treatment of Hospitals' Wastewater by Using MBBR with K1 and K3 Biofilm Carriers
type: item
description: The performance of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) process was investigated using two different types of plastic carriers: K1 and K3, thereby enhancing the efficacy of biological treatment through biofilm development. The K3 carrier's geometric form was selected to reduce clogging and allow a simpler flow of organic matter and oxygen. Its internal openings are more homogeneous than those of the K1 carrier, and its specific surface area is greater than that. Laboratory-scale moving bed biofilm reactors were constructed from two identical volumes of a split 15L MBBR system. K1 carriers serviced one volume, while K3 carriers serviced the other with a 45% fill rate. A base aeration system provided oxygen, and automated sensors continuously monitored pH and temperature. After a period of acclimation for biofilm development, performance data were quantified and analyzed under standardized methods at steady-state. The results reveal that the K3 conveyor exceeded the K1 in all major performance standards. K3 eliminated 86% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 81% of the biological oxygen demand (BOD), compared to 83% and 74%, respectively, for K1. In addition, K3 eliminated more ammonia (NH₃), 85% compared to K1, 72%, and eliminated 72% of K1 and 82% of all the total suspended solids (TSS). Taking all the parameters into consideration, the heightened efficiency of the K3 conveyor is mainly a result of its enhanced flow dynamics and biofilm adhesion characteristics. These results suggest that K3 can be utilized as a substitute for installed treatment systems or implemented in newly built wastewater treatment plants. Analyzing carrier composition on lifespan and financial efficiency, along with integration of K3 with emerging treatment technologies such as membrane filtration and ultraviolet disinfection, will be beneficial for future research work. This research assists in the development of more sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment processes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hospital wastewater
  topic: keywords
subject: MBBR efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Biofilm carriers
  topic: keywords
subject: K1 and K3
  topic: keywords
subject: Carrier surface area
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Makki Al-Sulaiman
creator: Ali Hasan Mhalhal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 1012
ending page: 1025
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1366

Laboratory Study on the Combined Effect of Novolac and SBS Polymers on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt
type: item
description: With the growing need for sustainable and long-lasting paving materials, researchers have turned to innovative additives to improve the performance of bitumen and asphalt mixtures. Conventional bitumen often fails under heavy traffic loads and harsh climatic conditions, necessitating modification. This study aimed to improve the performance of bitumen and hot mix asphalt (HMA) by co-modifying them with a 4% styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer and varying ratios of novolac resin. The results offered that the optimum ratio was 2% Novolac with 4% SBS. The physical and mechanical properties were evaluated through penetration tests, softening point, penetration index, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), Marshall Stability tests, indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile strength ratio (TSR), and wheel tracking. The modified mixture offered an improvement in penetration index from -1.89 to +1.3, a 38.7% increase in stability, a 40.9% increase in indirect tensile strength (ITS), and a 66.2% increase in moisture resistance. In comparison, the depth of permanent deformation was reduced by 58%. These results indicate significant improvements in stability, moisture, and deformation resistance, making it a promising option for developing more efficient asphalt mixtures. It also aligns with sustainable construction goals by reducing the need for frequent maintenance and extending pavement life.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mechanical performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Modified bitumen binder
  topic: keywords
subject: Novolac
  topic: keywords
subject: Styrene butadiene styrene (SBS)
  topic: keywords
creator: Bahar Al-Uloom
creator: Ihsan Ali Obaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 996
ending page: 1011
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1365

Experimental and Numerical Studies on Passive Cooling Techniques with Perforated Fins for Photovoltaic Modules
type: item
description: High temperatures in tropical regions during summer affect the electrical efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels, as the efficiency of PV panels decreases with increasing cell surface temperature. An experimental and numerical study was conducted to enhance the efficiency of PV panels by passively cooling them with 110 mm high perforated fins. The test was conducted in the hot Iraqi summer weather for three consecutive days in May 2025. The results showed an improvement in the temperature of the fin-cooled panel compared to the reference panel by up to 15.6%, impacted by both air speed and air temperature, and an improvement in electrical current by up to 7.4%.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Photovoltaics
  topic: keywords
subject: PV cooling
  topic: keywords
subject: Passive cooling
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Electrical efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Experimental and numerical investigation .
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Sattar Hadi Al-Tameemi
creator: Audai Hussein Al-Abbas
creator: Hani Mizhir Majid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 981
ending page: 995
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1364

Prosthetic Finger Design for Partial Hand Amputees: A Five-Bar Linkage Approach
type: item
description: The passive prosthetic finger is designed, modeled, and functional tested with the five-bar closed-loop linkage mechanism for partial hand amputees. The prosthesis is designed with parametric CAD modeling, forward kinematic analysis, and hybrid manufacturing techniques. One single input with one actuation point gives controlled motion to a geometrically constrained mechanism without the need for motors or electronics. Materials used are biocompatible and resistant: 316L stainless steel and carbon fiber composite. Kinematic simulations proved a stable angular displacement (64.5° - 67.5°) and homogeneous velocity and acceleration profiles with loads of 0 to 100 N. The device was efficient, well-distributed with a little deformation. Functional tests like the Jebsen–Taylor and Box & Block tests proved the prosthesis's capability of performing dexterous tasks involving precision. The whole and under $200 budget cost for fabrication of the device made it worth using in low-resource places. These results support the five-bar linkage as a mechanically effective, anatomically accurate passive prosthetic solution. This is also inexpensive compared to costly myoelectric devices and promises of widespread clinical use.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Prosthetic finger
  topic: keywords
subject: Five-bar linkage
  topic: keywords
subject: Passive mechanism
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomechanical modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Partial hand amputation
  topic: keywords
creator: Mennat Allah S. Yaseen
creator: Mohsin N. Hamzah
creator: Shaimaa H. Kamel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 962
ending page: 980
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1363

Experimental Determination of the Influence of Perforation of Adherend to the Adhesive Bond Strength
type: item
description: The growth of different types of industrialization technology led to the appearance of several types of effective adhesives with perfect intensity and durability that can be used with different types of joints. As a result, the adhesive properties and work conditions play an indispensable role in determining the kind of application for which the adhesive can be used. This study deals with the experimental work of two types of adherends, pereforation and non-pereforation adherents, with a specific focus on one type of adhesion. To conduct the examination, two types of standard tests, D2095–96 and D-1002-99, were used in the single lap and Butt joint tests, respectively, to accomplish all tests. The results show that the ability of the perforation surfaces to enhance the strength is better than the non-perforated adherent while maintaining the flexibility. Thus, the research conducted substantial points about these kinds of surfaces and recommended the essential points to choose the suitable type of adherend.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: MS polymers
  topic: keywords
subject: Perforation adherents
  topic: keywords
subject: Adherent surfaces
  topic: keywords
subject: Butt-joint test
  topic: keywords
subject: Single lap-joint test
  topic: keywords
creator: Baneen Qasim Kazem
creator: Muhanad Hamed Mosa
creator: Mudher Naeem Yasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 948
ending page: 961
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1362

Behaviour of Fibre-Reinforced Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Recycled Brick Aggregate and Silica Fume
type: item
description: Growing of the attention in sustainable construction materials has driven the advancement of lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC), including recycled materials. The present study investigates the fresh and mechanical performance of LWSCC incorporating lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) as coarse aggregate and with complete substitution of natural fine aggregate (NFA) by fine recycled brick aggregate (FRBA). Micro steel fibres (MSF) at 0.5% and 1% volume fractions and silica fume (SF) at 15% cement replacement were introduced. Five different mixes of LWSCC were prepared with the water-to-cement ratio fixed at 0.40. Fresh properties were evaluated using by utilization slump flow, T₅₀₀ time, and L-box tests, while mechanical properties were estimated after 28 days through compressive and splitting tensile strength tests. Dry density and water absorption were also measured in this experimental study. The results presented that full replacement of NFA with FRBA will reduce the strength by an average of 34% compared to the control mix with only NFA. However, incorporation of 0.5% and 1% micro steel fibres (MSF) led to developments in compressive strength of 15.7% and 26.0%, respectively, although the tensile strength improved in 39.1% and 63.4% related to the FRBA reference mix. Similarity, the addition of the silica fume (SF) at 15% resulted in enhancements of 9.4% and 7.4% in particular compressive and tensile strength, identifying it’s a positive effect on matrix densification and strength recovery in FRBA-based mixtures. All LWSCC mixes remained within acceptable limits of requirements of the structural lightweight concrete, with dry density below 1850 kg/m³. Water absorption increased with adding of FRBA but was significantly reduced with MSF and SF, reaching as low as 5.60%. All mixes satisfied EFNARC (2005) criteria for flowability, though MSF slightly increased viscosity. Combined use of the recycled aggregates, steel fibres, and silica fume was ve…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sustainable lightweight concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-compacting lightweight concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Fine recycled brick aggregate
  topic: keywords
subject: Micro steel fibre
  topic: keywords
subject: Silica fume
  topic: keywords
creator: Raghad Shaban Maariz
creator: M. S. Abo-Dhaheer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 938
ending page: 947
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1361

High-Strength Lightweight Silica Fume Concrete with Fine Recycled Aggregate and Steel Fiber
type: item
description: Sustainable lightweight concrete presents a promising solution for reducing environmental pollution caused by construction and demolition waste. This study focuses on developing high-strength lightweight concrete (HSLWC) using lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) as coarse aggregate and fully replacing natural fine aggregate (NFA) with recycled fine aggregate (RFA). To enhance performance of the produced mixes, 15% silica fume and varying contents of micro steel fibers (0.5% and 1%) were incorporated. Seven concrete mixtures were prepared with a low water to cement (w/c) ratio of 0.25 and tested at 28 days to evaluate slump flow, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, density, and water absorption. The results revealed that using 100% RFA reduced compressive strength from 54.5 MPa to 45.7 MPa and splitting tensile strength from 4.67 MPa to 4.03 MPa. However, the inclusion of 1% steel fibers compensated for this reduction, raising compressive strength to 55.1 MPa and splitting tensile strength to 5.89 MPa. Further enhancement was observed when silica fume was combined with steel fibers, resulting in a maximum compressive strength of 58.1 MPa and a splitting tensile strength of 6.11 MPa. These values exceeded those of the reference mix made with NFA. The combined use of silica fume and steel fibers led to the most effective improvement, producing sustainable HSLWC with superior mechanical performance, reduced water absorption, acceptable workability, and structural lightweight density
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sustainable materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Lightweight concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Recycled fine aggregate
  topic: keywords
subject: High-strength concrete
  topic: keywords
creator: Sapr Marwa Kareem
creator: M.S. Abo Dhaheer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 928
ending page: 937
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1360

Evaluation of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of a Reinforced Thermosetting Polymer with Glass Fiber and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
type: item
description: This study has been explored the enhancement of the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of a polymeric matrix by incorporating fiberglass, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and also, their hybrid combinations. Composite materials have been fabricated with different filler concentrations and have been evaluated for tensile strength, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). The results have shown that the addition of 3 wt% of the glass fibers has significantly increased the compressive strength by approximately 29%, while 3 wt% of the MWCNT effectively maintains the tensile strength and significantly improves the thermal conductivity and dimensional stability. The incorporation of the MWCNT has increased the thermal conductivity by 125% and has significantly decreased the CTE, indicating limited mobility of the polymer chain, and has improved the thermal performance. Conversely, the hybrid composites did not exhibit synergistic effects and often performed poorly compared to the single-reinforcement systems. Because of the poor dispersion and agglomeration of nanoparticles, in addition to interface mismatch, the results for each type of reinforcement demonstrated distinct advantages and emphasized the need for improved processing strategies to achieve functional synergies in hybrid nanocomposite materials for various applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nanocomposite
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiberglass
  topic: keywords
subject: Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal conductivity
  topic: keywords
creator: Nabeel Almuramady
creator: Nisreen M. Rahmah
creator: Essam L. Esmail
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 914
ending page: 927
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1359

A Real-Time Fall Detection Framework Using Vision Transformer and LSTM for Elderly People
type: item
description: For older people and people with limited mobility, falls are a major hazard and they can result in life-altering injuries and hospitalizations. An efficient fall detection system can improve the patient care by decreasing the time to intervention. We hereby introduce the Fall Detection framework based on Deep Learning that employs Vision Transformers (ViT) network for spatial feature extraction and LSTM networks (Long Short-Term Memory) modeling of the temporal sequence. The system can analyze the video clips to classify Event Fall and Not fall. Events majorly up to 99% accuracy level. We developed a lightweight and a modular architecture in Python which is optimized for speed and real-time processing using TensorFlow and Pytorch. The UR Fall Detection Dataset is comprised of labeled video sequences of simulating falls video sequences & has been used to perform evaluation. The model achieved an impressive 98.45% accuracy on fall detection, and its high generalization ability and low false detection rate were ascertained. In addition, a web interface for video upload was developed, enabling remote monitoring and real-time alerts, thus rendering the system ready for adoption in healthcare centers, assisted living facilities, and smart homes. By combining state-of-the-art techniques in vision and sequencing modeling, this system offers a non-invasive alternative for long-term monitoring of subjects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vision transformer
  topic: keywords
subject: LSTM deep learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Temporal modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: UR fall detection dataset
  topic: keywords
subject: Real-time monitoring
  topic: keywords
creator: Suraiya Akter
creator: Nazmun Nahar
creator: Md. Hasan Imam
creator: Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 903
ending page: 913
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1358

PhisNet: Intelligent Detection of Phishing
type: item
description: Phishing and fraud attacks continue to be common in the cybersecurity environment, as criminals use URLs and email messages. Here we conduct a side-by-side evaluation of two transformer-based machine learning techniques to identify phishing. BERT-LSTM model that focuses on spotting email phishing. Combined RoBERTa and Attension model that aims to detect URL phishing. With email phishing detection, the proposed BERT-BiLSTM model with an attention mechanism achieved 98.7% accuracy by efficiently utilizing linguistic metadata and structural properties of emails that extract and combine discrim- inative content from emails and focus on key details required to complete the classification. So, for detecting the URL, the hybrid- RoBERTa model was achieved 93% accuracy. On the other hand, confirming our hypothesis that semantic patterns in URLs are crucial to detection. Furthermore, it should be recognized that transformer models outperformed all traditional machine learning models in every domain, exhibiting incredible recall superiority for advanced phishing strategies. Further analysis of feature importance indicated URL entropy and email sentiment features as the prominent discriminators. These results lay down the foundation for layered active systems to thwart phishing attacks by guiding the implementation of RoBERTa hybrids for web traffic filtering and a motion-controlled BERT-LSTM operation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Phishing detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural language processing
  topic: keywords
subject: Transformer models
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: BERT
  topic: keywords
subject: RoBERTa.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mehedi Hasan
creator: Nazmun Nahar
creator: Md. Hasan Imam
creator: Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 887
ending page: 902
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1357

Bit Error Rate Analysis of Adaptive Modulation Techniques in Power Line Communication Channels
type: item
description: The aim of this paper is to emulate through simulation example two simulation models developed in MATLAB to investigate how modulation schemes and error correction techniques affect Bit Error Rate (BER) performance under different noise scenarios. The first model examines Forward Error Correction (FEC) effect on the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) / Power Line Communication (PLC) fading scenarios. An outcome indicates that FEC results are weakly enhanced, and BER stabilizes near 0.498 in various Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR). But the colored noise filtering and multipath propagation, particularly in QPSK and 16-QAM showed marginal BER improvements. The second model discusses adaptive modulation in impulsive noise. The results indicate the following: although BER is normally decreased by increasing SNR, impulse noise may increase it up to approximately 0.5. When this happens, FEC allows higher order-modulations such as 64-QAM. Besides, BER decreased after the channel attenuation was reduced by a factor of 5 (from 1 to 0.2) to 0.462 not 0.423. Future research has concerned modeling time varying impulsive noise and quantifying PLC based impulsive noise sources in hybrid PLC-wireless networks and next-generation network structures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Power Line Communication (PLC)
  topic: keywords
subject: Bit Error Rate (BER)
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptive modulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Forward Error Correction (FEC)
  topic: keywords
subject: Impulsive noise
  topic: keywords
subject: Rayleigh fading
  topic: keywords
subject: Channel attenuation
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulkadhim Azeez Salman Alfatlawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 874
ending page: 886
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1356

Valorization of Dredged Sediments from Cameron Highlands Reservoirs: Characterization and Pollution Risk Assessment for Sustainable Construction Materials Recovery
type: item
description: Sustainable management of dredged sediments from hydroelectric reservoirs is critical for environmental protection and resource conservation, aligning with circular economy principles. This study addresses the knowledge gap hindering the beneficial reuse of sediments from Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, by conducting a comprehensive characterization to evaluate recycling feasibility and identify specific applications. Sediments from eight representative sites were rigorously analyzed (particle size, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, SEM-EDX, XRD, heavy metals via Igeo, CF, DC, and regulatory benchmarks). Results revealed two distinct groups: Sand-Dominant Sediments (78-85% sand, high quartz) suitable as fine aggregate or fill, and Silt-Dominant Sediments (12-49% silt, quartz/kaolinite) potentially viable for bricks or soil amendment. Critically, all sediments exhibited heavy metal concentrations below Malaysia's hazardous waste limits and showed low pollution indices, supporting safe reuse in many applications. Statistical analysis quantified property variability, essential for application-specific feasibility assessments. This work provides the foundational data and analysis needed to transform Cameron Highlands' dredged sediment from a landfill burden into a valuable resource, directly contributing to sustainable infrastructure development and environmental goals. Future work will focus on pilot-scale validation of proposed recycling pathways.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sediment
  topic: keywords
subject: Sediment characterization
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable material recovery
  topic: keywords
subject: Waste Valorization
  topic: keywords
creator: Lee Woen Ean
creator: Bashar S. Mohammed
creator: Marlinda Abdul-Malek
creator: Chao-Wei Tang
creator: Wong Leong Sing
creator: Nur Aishah Abbas
creator: Isyaka Abdulkadir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 854
ending page: 873
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1355

Reactive Powder Concrete Reinforced with Manufactured Fibers or Recycled from Waste Tire
type: item
description: Reactive powder concrete is an improved type of concrete with high durability and strength compared to regular concrete. Its characteristics include that it does not contain coarse aggregate and all its components are smooth, so it has a homogeneous fine structure with few pores and high durability. It is also characterized by a low water-to-cement content, but it is brittle, so it is reinforced with fibers to make it more flexible. Manufactured steel fibers are expensive, and their manufacture also harms the environment and reduces non-renewable raw materials so that they can be replaced with steel fibers recycled from discarded tires. This study will compare the manufactured steel fibers and the recycled steel fibers from discarded tires in different proportions (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5%) for each of them. Their effect on the properties of reactive powder concrete will be known by conducting compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength tests, thermal conductivity, and absorption. The results showed that recycled steel fibers from tires give higher compressive strength and flexural strength than manufactured steel fibers. The optimum dosage of recycled steel fiber is 1% and 0.75%.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Reactive powder concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Recycled steel fiber
  topic: keywords
subject: Silica fume
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal conductivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Absorption of concrete
  topic: keywords
creator: Safa Thamir Asmail
creator: Muhaned A. Shallal
creator: Aqil M. Almusawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 843
ending page: 853
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1354

Screening of Hydrophilic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Ultrasound Probe-assisted Extraction of Rosmarinic Acid from Salvia officinalis with High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis
type: item
description: This study investigates the potential of hydrophilic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the extraction of rosmarinic acid (RA) and antioxidant compounds from Salvia officinalis (sage) using ultrasound probe-assisted extraction. Six DESs were formulated using choline chloride (ChCl) as the hydrogen bond acceptor and either ethylene glycol or glycerol as the hydrogen bond donor, in molar ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. All DESs were prepared without added water. Under fixed extraction conditions (10 min, 30% amplitude, 1:10 solid–liquid ratio), the RA content was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among the DESs, ChCl:glycerol, 1:2 (DES-5) showed the highest extraction potential exhibited by the highest peak intensity in the chromatogram and was selected for further investigation. Antioxidant activity of DES-5 was assessed via the ORAC assay. Methanol was used as a reference solvent for comparison. The ORAC value of methanol extract was 9,270 ± 2.82 µmol TE/ 100 ml, while that of DES-5 was 33,690 ± 4.98 µmol TE/100 ml, indicating a stronger radical scavenging capacity in DES-5 extract. Based on the promising ORAC value observed, DES-5 extract was further explored by modifying its composition through the addition of water; 10%, 20% and 30%, to evaluate it effect on RA yield. Results revealed that moderate water addition of 10% enhanced RA recovery, resulting in the highest yield of 73.38 mg/g DW RA compared to 66.59 mg/g DW at 20% water and 72.39 mg/g DW at 30% water. The study demonstrates the viability of DESs, particularly DES-5, as sustainable alternatives to conventional solvents for the recovery of bioactives from medicinal plants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ultrasound probe-assisted extraction
  topic: keywords
subject: HPLC
  topic: keywords
subject: Sage
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrophilic deep eutectic solvents
  topic: keywords
subject: Rosmarinic acid
  topic: keywords
creator: Hada Masayu Ismail Dahlan
creator: Chua Bee Lin
creator: Chow Yin Hui
creator: Zunoliza Abdullah
creator: Tee Lee Hong
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 834
ending page: 842
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1353

Influence of Steel Plate on Enhancing the Punching Strength of Voided Slabs
type: item
description: Punching failure is a possibility for the voided slabs, particularly when they are exposed to unbalanced moments. Thus, the purpose of this investigation is to provide a strengthening method involving the use of steel plates to strengthen the voided slab when it is subjected to an unbalanced moment. The structural performance, especially punching shear of a voided slab reinforced with a steel plate at the interior voided slab-column connections, was examined in this study. Four specimens were constructed using slabs that were 1100 × 1100 × 130 mm and had styropor voids distributed throughout them. A square column that was 250 mm high and with a cross section of 150 × 150 mm was extruded from the upper face of a slab center. An eccentric load was applied via a column stub and an integral beam section, measuring 150 mm by 150 mm, extruded 150 mm from the column face to simulate an unbalanced moment. By inserting two plates in each direction, four steel sheets were implanted into three specimens to reinforce them; the remaining slab was a control without steel plates for strengthening. As well, one slab without voids was created to be a reference of strength degradation due to void insertion. The two other specimens were one voided without steel plates and the other was solid without voids, used as a reference specimen. Near the column stub, these sheets crossed each other orthogonally. Eight square voids, each measuring 250 mm × 250 mm × 70 mm, were present in the voided specimens. They experimented till they failed under an unbalanced moment. Comparing the voided slab with a steel plate to the control slab without strengthening, the test results showed notable improvements in strength, about 8%, ductility to 146%, and toughness, reaching 18%.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Voided slab
  topic: keywords
subject: Unbalanced moment
  topic: keywords
subject: Slab-column connections
  topic: keywords
subject: Steel sheet
  topic: keywords
subject: Punching failure
  topic: keywords
creator: Athmar M. Alazawiey
creator: Thaar S. Al-Gasham
creator: Sajjad H. Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 820
ending page: 833
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1352

Application of Kaplan-Meier Estimator Model for Validation of AURKC as an Early Biomarker for Kidney Cancer
type: item
description: Artificial neural networks are very powerful algorithms for predicting cancer survival results but evaluating their accuracy is vital and required for successful clinical application. This research introduces an enhanced Kaplan -Meier estimator model that contains new additional features for better validating AURKC as an early-stage prediction marker in kidney cancer. The enhancements include using a larger sample size (530 kidney cancer cases) and integrating additional variables such as AURKC expression, disease stage -1, follow-up threshold up to 150 months, sex, and race. These enhancements focus on improving predictive accuracy. Using public datasets TCGA, EGA, and GEO, genes linked to survival changes outcomes were detected. Log rank regression revealed AURKC as the top prognostic gene with a hazard rate of 2.36. High levels of AURKC linked to shorter survival in stage-1 were found in white male patients. In conclusion, integration of multi database analysis and advanced statistical models validates the identification and prioritizing of AURKC as a promising biomarker and as a target for drug development in malignancies, as well as kidney cancer.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kidney
  topic: keywords
subject: Renal
  topic: keywords
subject: AURKC
  topic: keywords
subject: K-M plotter
  topic: keywords
subject: Prediction
  topic: keywords
subject: Public
  topic: keywords
subject: Dataset
  topic: keywords
creator: Saif Almansouri
creator: Susan Zwyea
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 811
ending page: 819
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1351

Numerical Analysis of Perforation Steel Plates Impacted by Blunt, Conical, Hemispherical, and Spherical Projectiles
type: item
description: Penetrating mechanics was developed for military applications and has been applied in the design and production of bulletproof plates, protective armor, warships, and heavy military vehicles. However, the perforated plates are considered a contemporary type of structure. Hence, the issue is about the extent of the effect of perforation of panels on ballistic performance. The impact of different projectile forms on two types of thin steel plates—perforated and non-perforated panels is examined numerically in this paper. The ABAQUS-Explicit finite element system was utilized for numerical simulations, and the perforation process was accurately estimated using the Johnson-Cook fracture criterion. Indeed, all projectile shapes, whether blunt, conical, hemispherical, or spherical, are designed and modeled with wide impact velocities between 200 to 500 m/s. This work takes into consideration plastic properties, the temperature differential created in the plate, and adiabatic shear bands. They concluded, through numerical analysis, that perforated panels can be considered a promising option for use as armor due to several considerations, the most important of which is energy savings as a result of reducing density.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Perforated panels
  topic: keywords
subject: Ballistic impact
  topic: keywords
subject: Finite element method
  topic: keywords
subject: Johnson-cook model
  topic: keywords
subject: ABAQUS
  topic: keywords
creator: Baneen Qasim Kazem
creator: Muhanad Hamed Mosa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 790
ending page: 810
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1350

Safety-Oriented Design and Analysis of Dielectric Materials and Plate Geometry in Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer Systems
type: item
description: Capacitive wireless power transfer (CPT) technology is emerging as a promising alternative to inductive wireless power transfer (IPT) due to low cost, lightweight and electromagnetic compatibility advantages. CPT, however, has limitations in terms of the power transfer density and operation safety. The use of dielectric materials, both as transfer media and coatings, has an important role to overcome these limitations, making dielectric material selection as an important design approach. This paper presents a detailed safety-oriented design and analysis of CPT systems focusing on how dielectric materials influence the performance and safety of CPT systems. A four-plate coupler configuration was modeled using finite element analysis in ANSYS Maxwell to investigate a wide range of dielectric materials, coating strategies and thicknesses, and plate shapes across application scales ranging from low-power applications such as consumer electronics to high-power applications such as electric vehicles (EV). Particular emphasis is placed on overlooked safety hazards associated with localized electric field intensification caused by geometric discontinuities, fringing fields, dielectric permittivity mismatch, and triple-junction phenomena. In order to quantitatively assess breakdown risks in general CPT systems, two new safety metrics are introduced to CPT research. Simulation results demonstrate that circular plate geometries offer superior field uniformity and reduced risk of premature breakdown, improving the safety margin up to three times relative to square geometries. High-permittivity solid media improve both efficiency and safety in small-gap systems. By contrast, high-permittivity coatings can exacerbate edge-related breakdown risk, especially when they are applied to sharp-cornered plates in either small or large air gaps. However, coatings of moderate permittivity are shown to be effective in reducing field concentrations. In addition, the dangerous triple junction…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Capacitive wireless power transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: Capacitive coupler
  topic: keywords
subject: Electric-field coupling
  topic: keywords
subject: Edge effects
  topic: keywords
subject: Electric field enhancement.
  topic: keywords
creator: Maha Basheer Hussein
creator: Yasir M. Y. Ameen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 765
ending page: 789
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1349

Runoff Modeling Using the GIS-Based Curve Number Method
type: item
description: To achieve full managment for water resource, accurate records about the quantity and rate of runoff into streams and rivers is crucial since runoff data is required to address watershed development and management challenges. The SCS-CN (Soil Conservation Service–Curve Number) approach calculates hydrological parameters according to the values of soil type and land cover. For any drainage system, these inputs are utilized to create CN grids in a Geographical Information System (GIS) context. The study region is 2,945.33 km² and is situated between the Maysan and Al-Kut administrations in Iraq, north of the Ali Al-Gharbi district. Thus, estimating the CN is the aim of this investigation by utilizing both of soil type and land use/cover with the Digital Elevation Model. The five classes that resulted from the reclassifications were 94.05% agricultural, 2.64% water, 2.54% bare soil, 0.77% urban, and 0.01% forest. The textures of loam soil and sandy clay loam soil are responsible for around 8.44% and 91.56%, respectively, of the watershed area. Since the lowest value indicates minimal runoff, conversely, the estimated CN grid fluctuated between 71 and 100. On the other hand, the area covered by water is indicated by 98 to 100. The predicted CN value ratios were 71-80, 81-90, and 91-100, which were, respectively, 1.44%, 35.08%, and 63.48%. Given that these values closely match the observed runoff. The study region is 2,945.33 km² and is situated between the Maysan and Al-Kut administrations in Iraq, north of the Ali Al-Gharbi district.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Catchment delineation
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil conservation curve number
  topic: keywords
subject: GIS
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil map
  topic: keywords
subject: Land use/cover
  topic: keywords
creator: Mays Ibrahim Alsaidi
creator: Ahmed Naseh Ahmed Hamdan
creator: Dina Ali Yaseen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 754
ending page: 764
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1346

Artificial Neural Network-Based Control of Vienna Rectifier for Power Factor Correction and Capacitor Voltage Balancing
type: item
description: This paper uses a modified control approach for a three-phase Vienna rectifier based on hysteresis current control and artificial neural network (ANN) for dynamic power factor correction and improved input current quality. The Vienna rectifier is a high-efficiency device and an ideal solution for medium-power applications that require unidirectional power flow and must adhere to strict power quality regulations. Nevertheless, conventional hysteresis current control has a variable switching frequency, which leads to increased electromagnetic interference (EMI) and a more complicated filter design. Therefore, an adaptive control method based on ANN is proposed, which can adaptively update the hysteresis band and current reference profiles according to real-time operating conditions. The ANN is employed to predict the intended current that will maximize the efficiency of the Vienna rectifier and to balance voltages across capacitors on the DC side under load disturbances. The simulation results confirm that the proposed control scheme achieves a near-unity power factor, low THD of the input currents, and stable DC–link voltage regulation in various dynamic operating conditions. The proposed strategy based on ANN achieves the objective of a future smart-grid interfaced rectifier system with resilience, intelligence, and hardware efficiency.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Power factor correction
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial neural network (ANN)
  topic: keywords
subject: Vienna rectifier
  topic: keywords
subject: Capacitor voltage balancing,
  topic: keywords
subject: Total harmonic distortion
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Ammar
creator: Ahmed Kareem Abdullah
creator: Ali Abdul-Abbas Al-Bakry
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 736
ending page: 744
doi: 10.55549/epstem.1344