Fire Risk Simulation of Photovoltaic Panels Installed in Green Buildings

Abstract

This research investigates the fire risks associated with photovoltaic (PV) panels installed in residential buildings, an increasingly prevalent feature in the global shift toward sustainable energy solutions. As solar energy systems gain widespread adoption for their eco-efficiency, low carbon footprint, and contribution to decarbonization targets, the associated hazards particularly fire risks require comprehensive evaluation and effective management. The study explores the interplay between renewable energy integration, sustainable architectural design, and energy-efficient building practices. Particular attention is devoted to identifying and analyzing the root causes of PV-related fire hazards, including electrical faults, inverter malfunctions, inadequate installation methods, and the use of combustible construction materials. A detailed numerical investigation was conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) via the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to model and predict the behavior of fire propagation in buildings equipped with PV systems. Simulation outcomes reveal that factors such as module configuration, ventilation, and surface temperature distribution significantly influence heat release rate and flame spread. The findings emphasize the necessity of implementing stringent design standards, regular inspection protocols, and advanced fire mitigation strategies to enhance the resilience and safety of PV-integrated structures. Ultimately, this research contributes to the broader effort to ensure safe, smart, and fire-conscious green building design in alignment with future sustainable urban development goals.