Catalytic Deoxygenation of Hydrolyzed Oil of Beef Tallow Over Lanthanum-Embedded HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst to Produce Biofuels

Abstract

The catalytic deoxygenation of triglycerides and fatty acids removes oxygen atoms in the process of producing biodiesel and thus hydrocarbons with improved fuel properties. Lanthanum-supported HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts were prepared with lanthanum loadings ranging from 2% to 7%. The best result was achieved with 2% La loading, yielding 72% bio-oil with a heating value of 34 MJ/kg at 300°C. The incorporation of lanthanum significantly enhanced the catalytic activity and stability of HZSM-5 zeolite for deoxygenation reactions. The highest hydrocarbon selectivity (up to 89%) and best coke resistance (8% carbon deposition) were observed with 5% La-HZSM-5. These results highlight the optimal balance between acidity modulation and structural integrity at 2% La, while 5% La provides superior coke resistance and hydrocarbon selectivity.